![]() Santander es el primer productor de cacao en Colombia y con un rendimiento promedio de 600 kg/ha de cacao seco, superior a otros departamentos. These factors generate dependency on the international market for the production. These facts result in a decrease in the competitiveness of the product in the international market, in addition to the effects produced on its profitability for the producer-an increase in the cost of raw materials and a drop in real profits. For example, a commercial chocolate bar can have only 25–35% cocoa mass, semisweet chocolate bars can vary from 45 to 99% cocoa, while white chocolate bars only contain cocoa butter, milk, and sugar. The industrialization of cocoa is the denaturation of the product, which is launched onto the market with little or no nutritional content, due to the alteration of the raw material with formulas based on vegetable fats, artificial colors, and flavors. A macroeconomic analysis was carried out using six indices: Balassa index, Vollrath Index, Additive Revealed Competitive Advantage Ratio, Trade Openness Index, Export and Import Index, and Self-Sufficiency Index. The objective of the study was to analyze the competitiveness at the macroeconomic level of the Mexican cocoa product in the world during the period 2010–2021. Mexico was the country that made cocoa known to the world. From most to least restrictive, the AHP, Ma圎nt, and AHP–Ma圎nt modeling approaches indicate that 1.5%, 5.3%, and 23.0% of the Peruvian territory is ‘Highly suitable’ for cocoa cultivation, respectively.Ĭocoa is one of the main products consumed worldwide that is similar to coffee a primary difference between coffee and cocoa is that cocoa is produced in developing countries and is consumed mainly in industrialized countries. On the other hand, San Martin and Amazonas emerged as the five regions with the largest area ‘Highly suitable’ for cocoa cultivation in all three modeling approaches, followed by Loreto, Ucayali, Madre de Dios, Cusco, Junín, and Puno, which alternated according to modeling approach. Elevation (orographic criteria) is also featured in this group. ![]() In all three modeling approaches, climatological criteria stood out among the five most important criteria. Three modeling approaches (Analytic Hierarchy Process-AHP, Maximum Entropy-Ma圎nt, and AHP-Ma圎nt combined) were further used to hierarchize the importance of the criteria and to model the potential territory for sustainable cocoa cultivation. To this end, the climatological, edaphological, orographic, and socioeconomic criteria determining sustainable cocoa cultivation were identified and mapped. Therefore, we analyzed land suitability for cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production on the Peruvian mainland as a support measure for sustainable agriculture. Currently, the expansion and modernization of the cocoa-growing area require the zoning of the territory with suitable biophysical and infrastructural conditions to facilitate optimizing productivity factors. Peru is one of the world’s leading exporters of cocoa beans, which directly impacts the household economy of millions of small farmers.
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